Objective To investigate the laboratory efficacy (killing effect, chain-killing effect, and the effect of food source on chain-killing effect) against Blattella germanica of four cockroach-killing gel baits (2.15% imidacloprid gel bait, 1.00% chlorpyrifos gel bait, 0.50% dinotefuran gel bait, and 0.05% fipronil gel bait) of the same brand. Methods According to the national standard methods (GB/T 13917.7-2009), the laboratory efficacy of the four gel baits was tested; the chain-killing effect was tested by feeding live cockroaches with dead ones killed by the gel baits; the influence of food source on chain-killing effect was tested by feeding live cockroaches with bait-killed cockroaches mixed with cat food. The data were recorded in Excel 2007 software. DPS V 9.01 software was used to calculate the median lethal time (LT ₅₀), 95% confidence interval ( CI), and toxicity regression equation of B. germanica, and the significance of LT ₅₀ was analyzed, if 95% CI of LT ₅₀ ratio of two baits included 1, there was no significant difference in LT ₅₀ between the two baits. Results In the laboratory efficacy test, the LT ₅₀ values of 2.15% imidacloprid gel bait, 1.00% chlorpyrifos gel bait, 0.50% dinotefuran gel bait, and 0.05% fipronil gel bait were 2.823 9 (2.581 8-3.079 0) d, 0.745 5 (0.603 4-0.890 3) d, 0.793 5 (0.630 9-0.959 3) d, and 0.846 5 (0.464 7-1.228 0) d, respectively; only the imidacloprid group showed significant differences from the other three groups (95% CI of LT ₅₀ ratio of two baits did not include 1). In the chain efficacy experiment, the mortality rate on day 30 was >98.00% for all the four baits; the LT ₅₀ values of the four gel baits were 6.012 4 (5.229 7-6.754 5) d, 2.459 0 (1.982 1-2.940 2) d, 3.654 1 (3.150 1-4.145 6) d, and 4.589 3 (4.064 6-5.088 8) d, respectively; multiple comparisons showed significant differences between any two baits (95% CI of LT ₅₀ ratio of two baits did not include 1). After adding cat food for all the four baits, the chain-killing effect was significantly weakened, the mortality rate was decreased, and the LT ₅₀ was increased (95% CI of post-pre LT ₅₀ ratio did not include 1); the inhibition ratios were 1.21, 9.80, 2.77, and 2.07 times, respectively. Conclusion The four cockroach-killing gel baits show good laboratory efficacy, and 1.00% chlorpyrifos gel bait, 0.50% dinotefuran gel bait, and 0.05% fipronil gel bait can kill cockroaches quickly. It is necessary to control the interference of food source on the gel bait when control cockroaches. Alternative use of gel baits of different constituents can achieve a better killing effect.

Objective To investigate rodent infestation in machinery rooms in a large building complex, to preliminarily explore the spatial distribution of rodents in large building complexes, and to provide a basis for rodent control. Methods In middle and late April, 2018, more than 90 professional technicians performed a general investigation on rodent trace in high-voltage (HV) and low-voltage (LV) machinery rooms and HVAC machinery rooms in a large building complex using the rodent trace method. Excel 2017, SPSS 20.0 and ArcGIS 10.1 softwares were used for data entry, statistical analysis (paired chi-square test), and spatial analysis, respectively. Results A total of 1 304 machinery rooms were investigated, including 532 HV machinery rooms, 377 LV machinery rooms, 386 HVAC machinery rooms, and 9 machinery rooms of other types. The standard positive rate of rodent trace per room were 1.33%, 2.15%, 0.42%, and 0 for the HV machinery rooms, LV machinery rooms, HVAC machinery rooms, and machinery rooms of other types in the venue, respectively, with significant differences observed between the rooms ( χ ²=14.182, P<0.05); the overall positive rate of rodent trace was 0.85%. The positive rates of rodent trace were 1.69%, 1.26%, and 1.09%, respectively, for the 3rd, 6th, and 1st floors of the building, significantly higher than those on the other floors ( χ ²=13.051, P<0.05). The positive rate of rodent trace was 1.02% for areas near the main road and 1.09% for areas far from the main road, with no significant difference between them ( χ ²=0.028, P>0.05). The positive rates of rodent trace for the three areas centered around the central region from near to far were 0.53%, 0.88%, and 1.50%, respectively, showing an increasing trend but no significant differences between them ( χ ²=3.528, P>0.05). Conclusion Rodent infestation still exists in large building complexes. Rodent activity is closely related to food sources and accessible space. Long-term and continuous rodent density surveillance should be performed and effective control measures should be adopted.

Objective To preliminarily explore the resistance mechanism of pyriproxyfen-resistant Culex pipiens pallens by comparing the biochemical characteristics of glutathione s-transferases (GSTs) between resistant and susceptible populations of Cx. pipiens pallens. Methods The pyriproxyfen-resistant and susceptible populations of Cx. pipiens pallens were chosen through indoor successive selection as the research objects. And the activities of GSTs were determined according to the method reported by Habig et al. (1976). Statistical analysis was thus performed using the t-test for sample mean comparison. Results The optimal substrate of GSTs from Cx. pipiens pallens was 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). When CDNB was used as the substrate, the activities of GSTs in the resistant and susceptible populations were 3.626×10 ^-4 and 2.737×10 ^-4 nmol/mg protein·min, respectively. The hydrolytic activity of Cx. pipiens pallens GSTs increased with the elevation of substrate concentrations[i.e., CDNB and DCNB (1, 2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene)]. In a certain concentration range, the hydrolytic activity of GSTs in the resistant population was slightly higher than that in the susceptible population towards both substrates. When CDNB was used as the substrate, the Michaelis constant ( Km) and maximum reaction rate ( Vmax) of GSTs in the resistant population were 8.01 mmol/L and 4.87×10 ² μmol/min·mg, respectively, while those in the susceptible population were 1.11 mmol/L and 3.87×10 ² μmol/min·mg, respectively. There were significant differences between these two populations regarding Km and Vmax ( t _a=11.415, t _b=6.411, all P<0.05). When DCNB was used as the substrate, there was no significant difference between the two populations regarding Km and Vmax of GSTs ( t _c=0.134, t _d=1.280, all P>0.05). Conclusion GSTs may play an antidotal and metabolic role in the formation of pyriproxyfen resistance in Cx. pipiens pallens.

Objective To understand the seasonal dynamics of Aedes albopictus larvae and their insecticides resistance distribution in Shanghai and provide science evidence for rational application of insecticides. Methods Density of Ae. albopictus larvae was surveyed by Breteau index(BI) method and Mosquito and oviposition positive index (MOI) method in residential areas, green areas, indoors of public areas and other institutions once a month. Larvae resistance was tested by dipping method recommended by WHO. Results Aedes albopictus had one peak in Shanghai in 2015-2016, and the peak was from June to July. The highest BIs were 6.50 and 6.18 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The highest MOIs were 10.72 and 6.60 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The Ae. albopictus larvae showed medium to high resistance to Deltamethrin and beta Cypermethrin, and the highest resistance ratios were 77.00 and 81.00 in Putuo district respectively. Larvae developed low to medium resistance to propoxur, and low resistance to temephos. Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen density and resistance surveillance of Ae. albopictus, and choose insecticides reasonably to delay the development of insecticide resistance and improve control efficacy.

Objective To preliminarily explore biochemical resistance mechanism by comparison the biochemical characteristic of carboxylesterase in pyriproxyfen-resistantand susceptible population of Culex pipiens pallens. Methods The activity of carboxylesteres (CarE) was determined by van Aspern(1962). Results The tendency of CarE activity change in hydrolyzing α-naphthyl acetate (α-NA) or β-naphthyl acetate (β-NA) depended on substrate concentration. The hydrolyzing activity was significantly higher in resistant population than in susceptible population with α-NA and β-NA as substrates within the certain concentration range. When substrate was β-NA, the Kinetic parameters (K_m) and V_max of CarE were 27.20×10-5 mol/L and 115.00×10-5 A/(mg·pro·min) in resistance population respectively, and that of CarE in susceptible population were 104.00×10^-5 mol/L and 207.00×10^-5 A/(mg·pro·min). Difference between them was significant (t_b=2.74, t_c=3.16). When substrate was α-NA, there was no significant difference between K_m (131.00×10^-5 mol/L) in resistance population and K_m (75.20×10^-5 mol/L) in susceptible population; but difference was significant between V_max of them. The CarE from resistant population was more sensitive to DDVP (dichlorvos) and propoxur than that from susceptible population. Conclusion Enhanced CarE activity maybe attributable to the resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens to pyriproxyfen.

Objective To observe the efficacy of Su Keli Gel Bait against Blattella germanica. Methods Four cafeteria were selected for field experiment. Applying the gel bait at one time at the places where B. germanica frequently appear, assessing the killing efficacy by observing the density change of cockroaches before and after the gel bait application. SPSS 17.0 were used for the analysis of data. Results The density of B. germanica decreased 62.23% after one day, 74.03% after 3 days, 98.14% after 30 days, and 95% after 60 days. Conclusion Su Keli Gel Bait against B. germanica had the following advantages: high performance, no smell, no pollution, safety for humans and animals and convenient to use, etc. So it was an ideal Gel Bait against cockroaches, which warrants to be recommended for large scale application.

Objective To determine the cross-resistance spectrum of pyriproxyfen-resistant Culex pipiens pallens to other common insecticides and provide a basis for the optimal application of insecticides. Methods The larvae dipping method recommend by WHO was used to determine the median lethal concentration(LC₅₀)against insecticides tested. Results The resistance-ratio of Cx. pipiens pallens to pyriproxyfen increased to 5.69 after 12 generations of selection. There was a low cross resistance to deltamethrin and etofenprox, but no cross resistance to temephos, baytex and diflubenzuron. Conclusion The resistance to pyriproxyfen and cross-resistance to other insecticides are expected to occur after long-time application of pyriproxyfen,therefore strategies must be implemented to mitigate the development of resistance and cross resistance.

Objective To develop a diagnostic key with third-instar larvae of common flies for habitat investigation and fly larvae identification. Methods A retrieval table was constructed using systematic inductive method and illustrated using dendritic tree. Results The retrieval table included fly larvae of 26 species. All records were divided into two categories according to the existence of posterior process on the 8th abdominal segment. Larvae without posterior process on the 8th abdominal segment were further divided into two categories according to peritreme integrity. Conclusion The retrieval table is simple, intuitive, and easy to use. It can be applied in habitat investigation, monitoring of fly larvae, hygiene assessment, management for epidemic foci of vector-borne diseases, and forensic insect identification.

Objective To compare grid method, vision method, sticky trap method, and cage trap method in terms of the surveillance results of fly density and to provide a basis for effective application of grid method in the surveillance of fly density. Methods Surveillance of fly density was performed inside and outside the farmer’s market according to GB/T 23796-2009 Surveillance Methods for Vector Density-Fly. Results In the indoor surveillance, the fly density measured by grid method was lower than those measured by sticky trap method and vision method, but without significant differences between them. There was a strong correlation between the fly densities measured by grid method and vision method( r＝0.933 489, P＝0.000), and a good correlation was also seen between those measured by grid method and sticky trap method( r＝0.791 836, P＝0.004). In the outdoor surveillance, the fly density measured by grid method was lower than that measured by vision method and a little higher than that measured by cage trap method, but without significant differences between them. There was no correlation between the fly densities measured by grid method and vision method( r＝0.408 318, P＝0.212), but a good correlation was seen between those measured by grid method and cage trap method( r＝0.848 092, P＝0.001). Conclusion Grid method can be used for the surveillance of fly density. It can serve as a substitute for vision method and sticky trap method in the indoor surveillance and for cage trap method in the outdoor surveillance.

Objective To study the efficacy test method for fly control using fly trap in both laboratory and field.Methods Laboratory efficacy test based on GB/T17322.8-1998,Method for field efficacy test was comparing the amount of flies caught by DS2-A flies trap with that by traps with putrid fish as bait or by traps with brown sugar and vinegar as bait,and three traps are 8 meters apart.Results In laboratory test in square box,96% houseflies were caught the by DS2-A fly trap.In field test,the amount of caught flies by fly traps were higher than by that with putrid fish as bait or by traps with brown sugar and vinegar as bait.Conclusion The method of laboratory efficacy test and method of field efficacy test adapt to testing the efficacy of flies trap.

This article is to find out the seasonal variation, the composition and the influent factor of common fly species in Shanghai. The result indicates that in the fifty years great changes have taken place in those. Now, the main species in Shanghai is Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia sericata, Musca domestica, Aldrichina grahami, Muscina stabulans. The peak periods of population density lasted from May to June and August to September. Changing the habitat environment and adopting Integrated Pest Management can alter the composition of common fly species, and continuous warm winter is the most important factor for the change of the seasonal variation.

Two methods of monitoring flies population density were carried out in Shanghai.The results showed that Chrysomya megacephata (34%), Lucilia sericata (34%) and Aldrichina grahami (9%) were attracted to a mixture of putrid fish and soybean sauce, and Musca domestica (41%), C. megacephata (23%) and L. sericata(13%) were attracted to a measure that compounded by a mixture of brown sugar and vinegar ,and a commercial sticky card. The flies population density of two methods varied with the seasons, and had similar chart. The flies population density of two methods had positive correlation, and the density of most of these years also has linear regression with temperature. The attraction of brown sugar and vinegar was more unvaried than that of putrid fish and soybean, so the combine measure is worthy to be recommended for monitoring flies population density , and can reflect the main specimens of flies of city and their changes with the seasons.

This PaPer reported that in Foshan urban area, the unit infestation rate of Blattela germanica was 1.06%, while the room infestation was 0.225%.It showed that the Blattela germanica infested mainly in large or medium specific trade.12.5mg ai/m ² of respansar and 500 ai/m ² of Blattanex were used in the field test for controlling the Blattela germanica.A residual spray was given and observed for 24 hours,one.rbe wed, five weeks, seven week and nine weeks later, the decedng rate was 55.6%, 90.6%,94.3%, 93.0%, 88.5%, 80.6% and 61.1%,95.4%, 97.7%, 99.2%, 97.2%, 88.1 9% reSPectively.The residtal effect was more than two months.

This paper reported the toxicity of Bacillus sphaericus _c3-41 against the fourth instar larvae of Anopheles anthropophagus and Aedes togoi by bioassays in the laboratory. The LC ₅₀ of Bs _c3-41 solution against An.anthropophagus after treatment for 24 hrs and 48 hrs were 2.40 ppm and 1.78ppm respectively.The LC ₅₀ against Ae.togoi after treatment for 24 hrs and 48 hrs were 5.35ppm and 3.14 ppm.The residual effect of these treatments lasted for 1-2 weeks. The LC ₅₀ of Bs C _3-41 powder against An.anthropophagus and Ae.togoi were 3.33ppm and 4.44ppm respectively after treatment for 24 hrs and 1.36ppm and 1.44ppm respectively after treatment for 48 hrs. The results showed that the larvicidal effectiveness of Bs C _3-41 against mosquito larvae after treatments for 48 hrs was much better than that for 24 hrs.